Pythium Root Rot and Growth Responses of Organically Grown Geranium Plants to Beneficial Microorganisms
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pythium root rot, caused by Pythium ultimum , is responsible for important losses in geranium plant production, mainly as a result of the decrease in the plant overall quality. An organic production system for geranium plants based on fertilization using a filtered suspension of dehydrated hen manure was compared with a conventional fertilization system to evaluate their tolerance to root disease. Under typical greenhouse conditions, geranium plants were inoculated with a suspension of Pseudomonas putida , Trichoderma atroviride , a mixture of both or with Trichoderma harzianum , and a commercially available product, Rootshield®, 1 and 4 weeks after planting. Four weeks after the first inoculation, Pseudomonas putida and Trichoderma atroviride stimulated plant growth (shoot and root dry weight) compared with the control regardless of the fertilization. The results also showed that the colonization of geranium roots by Pythium spp. was significantly lower for organically grown plants for all treatments compared with the inoculated control under conventional fertilization. Inoculation with T. atroviride under conventional fertilization was the only treatment that did not significantly reduce root colonization by Pythium spp. compared with the conventional control. For both organically and conventionally grown plants, the coinoculation with both P. putida and T. atroviride resulted in the weakest colonization of roots by the pathogen. The inoculation of P. putida , T. atroviride , and the mixture of the bacterium and the fungus also significantly increased the fresh and dry weight of roots regardless of the fertilization used. All microorganism treatments in conventionally grown plants significantly increased the fresh and dry weight of the shoot compared with the control.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".