Ötvenéves a telekobalt-terápia Magyarországon
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The first patient in Hungary was treated by cobalt therapy fifty years ago at the National Institute of Oncology with a Gravicert type equipment. On the occasion of this anniversary, the 50-year history of the Hungarian cobalt therapy is reviewed, and its present role is discussed. The first cobalt unit (Gravicert) was designed by László Bozóky seven years after the first cobalt unit installation in the world in Canada. The megavoltage energy of the Co-60 source (average: 1.25 MeV) resulted in more successful treatments of deep-seated tumors compared to the X-ray therapy. In the next two-three decades, until the widespread use of the high-energy linear accelerators, the Co-60 teletherapy meant the modern radiation treatment throughout the world. Improvements of quality in radiation techniques necessitated exact localization of the tumors and developments of treatment planning methods. At the beginning, the localization was performed with X-ray machines, while the treatment planning was done manually. In 1965 a Rotacert type cobalt unit was installed at our institute. This machine was already capable of making irradiation in multiple directions and it worked in rotating mode, too. In Hungary, more cobalt units - first the Gravicert type, then foreign made machines - were gradually installed in other radiotherapy centers too. The quality of treatments was significantly improved by the introduction of the computerized treatment planning, and the foundation of the IAEA-supported National Treatment Planning Network in 1978 was an important step in this process. The next important development was the commencement of the CT image based treatment planning in 1981. With the spread of modern linear accelerators the role of the cobalt units has greatly decreased by now, however, nearly 2,500 cobalt units are still in use worldwide. Their usage could be further increased with technical developments. At present, radiation treatments are performed with cobalt units in eight out of twelve radiotherapy centers in Hungary.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.048 | 0.013 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".