Expression of ICAM‐1 and E‐selectin in gingival tissues of smokers and non‐smokers with periodontitis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Tobacco smoking affects systemic concentrations of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, but its effect on local expression of adhesion molecules in gingival tissue has not been studied previously. METHODS: E-selectin and ICAM-1 expression on small blood vessel endothelia in gingival biopsies obtained from smokers (n=17) and non-smokers (n=17) with periodontitis was examined with immunohistochemistry. Blood vessels were identified with monoclonal antibody for von Willebrand's factor. RESULTS: A significantly larger number of vessels were observed in inflamed tissues of non-smokers than smokers (P<0.05). The number and proportion of vessels expressing both ICAM-1 and E-selectin was greater in sites with inflammation compared to non-inflamed sites in both smokers and non-smokers (P<0.05). The proportion of the total number of vessels expressing ICAM-1 in non-inflamed sites was greater in non-smokers compared with smokers (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the inflammatory response in smokers with periodontitis may not be accompanied by an equivalent increase in vascularity. Reduced ICAM-1 expression in non-inflamed areas of smokers could reflect a systemic effect of tobacco smoking on ICAM-1 independent of inflammation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".