The Geographical Differences of Chinese Language in Northern and Southern Dynasties: Semantic Field Comparison of Supposition Conjunctions in the History of the Northern Wei and the History of the Song Dynasty
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents an exhaustively statistical analysis of the supposition conjunctions in eighteen series of History of the Northern Wei and History of the Song Dynasty. It draws the following conclusions: ruo and the other supposition conjunctions containing ruo were used frequently in both the History of the Northern Wei and the History of the Song Dynasty, taking an absolutely dominant place in the use of supposition conjunctions; the newly appeared word tuo and the other supposition conjunctions containing tuo played an active role in the History of the Northern Wei and other documents in the Northern Dynasty, but they were seldom used in the History of the Song Dynasty and other documents in the Southern Dynasty; the older word jia was rarely seen in the History of the Song Dynasty and other documents in the Southern Dynasty. All these phenomenon reveal that the Northern Dynasty was not inferior to the Southern Dynasty in absorbing new words, and it was even more radical. Generally speaking, there were more old sayings reserved in the Northern Dynasty. Key words: History of the Northern Wei, History of the Song Dynasty, supposition conjunctions, comparison, differences Resume: De la statistique exhaustive et l’etude comparative de 18 series de conjonctions de supposion dans Le Livre des Weis et Le Livre des Songs, on tire les conclusions suivantes : l’utilisation de « ruo » et des conjonctions de la serie « ruo » sont predominante dans tous les deux livres ; le composant nouveau « tuo » et la serie « tuo » sont florissants dans Le Livre des Weis et des documents du Nord alors qu’ils ont peu de place dans Le Livre des Songs ainsi que les documents de la dynastie du Sud ; l’ancien composant « jia » est rare dans Le Livre des Songs ainsi que les documents de la dynastie du Sud . Ces prenomenes montrent que sous la dynastie du Sud et du Nord, en ce qui concerne le choix de nouveaux mots, le chinois du Nord ne le cede pas a celui du Sud en tendance au nouveau et que, generalement parlant, le Nord conserve plus de mots archaiques. Mots-cles: Le Livre des Weis, Le Livre des Songs, conjonction de supposition, comparaison, difference 摘要：通過對《魏書》、《宋書》十八個系列的表推測假設關係的連詞的窮盡性統計和分析比較，得出以下結論：“若”和由其構成的“若”系列假設連詞的使用頻率在兩書中都佔有絕對的主導地位；新興成分“脫”及由其構成的“脫”系列假設連詞在《魏書》及北方文獻中呈現活躍的局面，而在《宋書》及南朝文獻中表現沉默；舊成分“假”在《宋書》及南朝文獻中罕見。這些現象表明南北朝時期，在對新興語詞的選擇上，北朝漢語的趨新程度並不比南朝遜色，甚至表現得更爲激進；但從總的情況來說，北方地區更多地保留了古語。 關鍵詞：《魏書》；《宋書》；假設連詞；比較；差異
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".