Vitamin D Status is Low in Mothers with Preeclampsia and Their Infants: a Case Control Study from Serbia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Low 25‐hydroxyvitamin D 3 (25‐OH‐D 3 ) concentration in pregnancy increases the risk of preeclampsia (PE) based on studies from countries with vitamin D fortification policy. The objective of this study is to determine if vitamin D intake and status is associated with PE in a country without vitamin D fortification. A case control study (n=62) of pregnancies with (case) and without (control) PE was conducted in Serbia in the winter. Maternal and cord blood samples from delivery were measured for plasma 25‐OH‐D 3 , 3‐epi‐25‐hydroxyvitamin D 3 (3‐epi‐25‐OH‐D 3 ) and 24,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (24,25‐(OH) 2 D 3 ) by LC‐MS/MS. Group differences were tested with ANOVA, Bonferroni post hoc test and P<0.05. Exogenous vitamin D intake was not different but women with PE delivered infants at younger mean gestational age and had lower plasma 25‐OH‐D 3 , 3‐epi‐25‐OH‐D 3 and 24,25‐(OH) 2 D 3 (table). Case infants were of lower birth weight (Case: 2622 ± 796 vs Control: 3388 ± 381 g, p<0.001), not different in total plasma 25‐OH‐D 3 (Case: 9.38 ± 1.05 vs Control: 11.17 ± 0.99 ng/ml, p=1.000) but with higher proportion of 3‐epi‐25‐OH‐D 3 (Case: 7.95 ± 0.22 vs Control: 7.01 ± 0.21 % of total 25‐OH‐D 3 , p=0.016). A high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, defined by plasma 25‐OH‐D<12 ng/ml, was observed in 56% in mothers and 84% in infants. These data underscore the importance of prenatal supplementation and food fortification policy in Serbia. Mothers’ characteristics Control group n=32 Case groupn=30 mean SD mean SD P value Age (years) 27.7 4.8 29.1 5.8 0.374 Vitamin D intake Supplemental (IU/day) 198.2 140.4 173.3 163.9 0.453 Gestational age at delivery (weeks) 37.7 0.5 36.3 2.1 0.029 25‐OH‐D 3 (ng/ml) 16.09 5.65 11.23 5.12 0.002 3‐epi‐25‐OH‐D 3 (ng/ml) 0.70 0.21 0.51 0.53 0.008 24,25‐(OH) 2 D 3 (ng/ml) 0.80 0.34 0.76 0.57 1.000
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".