Bibliographic record
Abstract
Few phenomena make case for ecosystem management quite as well as climate change, hydrological effects of which will upset settled expectations and require water institutions to adapt. The effects of climate change will be felt at multiple hydrological, geographic, and institutional scales that transcend specific water sources or political and legal jurisdictions. Moreover, effects will be uncertain, complex, and frequently changing. Thus, water resources should be managed at watershed scales, and this management should use management methods of flexibility, experimentation, and learning iterative processes of managing environmental conditions and programs. However, ecosystem management concept has had unfortunate effect of de-emphasizing or even rejecting role of in shaping relationships between human actions and ecological conditions. Too little attention has been given to role of in adaptation and ecosystem management. A concept of adaptive planning is not only consistent with ecosystem management, but could actually improve ecosystem management methods and capacity of institutions to engage in ecosystem management effectively. Moreover, a growing number of watershed plans are exhibiting some characteristics of planning, particularly with respect to effects of climate change on watersheds and water resources. This article explores role of watershed in adapting to climate change. Adaptive watershed management requires use of methods, not merely ad hoc, reactive experimentalism and incrementalism. Without some process of planning, Charles Lindblom's of muddling through becomes the science of drifting along. Adaptive gives some direction and focus to ecosystem management activities. Furthermore, watershed can improve not only watershed management methods, but also content and effectiveness of watershed plans themselves. If watershed plans are to be useful, they must contemplate uncertainties associated with climate change and its effects. In addition to describing theory and features of and applying principles to watershed and management, this article also explores examples of watershed plans in U.S. and Canada that have addressed climate change and analyzes a number of issues in watershed planning, including barriers to, and opportunities for, increased and improved use of watershed to improve capacity of watershed institutions to adapt to climate change.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".