Fractional-N frequency synthesizer for wireless communications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
With the advancement of radio frequency (RF) technology and requirement for more integration, new RF wireless architectures are needed. One of the most critical components in a wireless transceiver is the frequency synthesizer. It largely affects all three dimensions of a wireless transceiver design: cost, battery lifetime, and performance. The common approach to frequency synthesis design for wireless communication is to design an analog-compensated fractional-N phaselocked loop (PLL). However, this technique lacks adequate fractional spur suppression for third generation wireless standards. In this paper, a new sigma-delta PLL architecture is reported to enhance the above mentioned limitation with the aid of modified digital sigma-delta modulator to completely randomize fractional spurs present in fractional-N PLLs using feedback signal which serves as a dithering signal. This aids in fully integrating a high-performance PLL frequency synthesizer, and hence reducing cost. The use of this architecture is examined to give as much as 14 dBs reduction in the fractional spurs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".