A Simple Method to Extract Whole Apolipoproteins for the Preparation of Discoidal Recombined High Density Lipoproteins as Bionic Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: To develop a simple method to extract the whole apolipoproteins (apo) including apoA-I in native high density lipoproteins (HDLs) and prepare discoidal Tanshinone IIA-loaded reconstituted HDL (TA-rHDLs) as a dual functional drug delivery system with plaque-site target and therapeutic promises in atherosclerotic lesions. METHODS: A method based on isoelectric precipitation coupled with organic solvent precipitation was developed to isolate the whole apolipoproteins (apos). TA-rHDLs were prepared by incubating the resultant apos with liposomes and the incubation conditions were optimized using fluorescence quenching experiment. TA-rHDLs were characterized in terms of size, zeta potential, morphology, interaction between lipid and apos, safety, and bionic function. RESULTS: The extraction results showed that the yield of the HDL apos was 82.4%, with 59% being apoA-I type, similar ratio of apoA-I in the native apos. TA-rHDL prepared were disc-like with an average diameter of 157.6 ± 4.8 nm, zeta potential of -20.90 ± 0.15 mV, and entrapment efficiency of (90.13 ± 1.4) %. The interaction between the lipids and apos was electrostatic and hydrophobic force and was associated with amino acid sequence. Haemolysis and cytotoxicity assays showed good biocompatibility of TA-rHDL. Sterol efflux assay from macrophages mediated by TA-rHDLs and structure remodeling behavior from discs to spheres proved that TA-rHDL could resemble the biological activity of native nascent HDL irrespective of the size. CONCLUSIONS: The simple approach to isolate apos may provide a convenient and economical resource to support the development of rHDL as a potential targeting nanocarrier for lipophilic cardiovascular drugs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".