Ethnic-Religious Confl icts and the Travails of National Integration in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Any attempt to understand the development of the Nigerian State cannot escape a study of ethnicity and religion as some of the main challenges to the development of democracy, nation building and national integration. The nature and composition of the State is very important and central to the nature of the relationship that exists within it. If it is an unstable, hegemonic and illegitimate contraption, there is often the tendency of instability and chaos arising from the unhealthy rivalry that will always be built up within it. On the other hand, if it evolved on the platform of consensus and fair play, there is the tendency for it to have a serene domestic politics. The Nigerian situation is such that boycotted the due course of legitimization at formation and this posits serious consequences for its stability at the present moment. This posture is compounded by the intense use of State authority to cover up this malaise, which has in the final analysis impacted on the various segments of society, creating the psychological basis for arbitrariness of citizens and tendency to affront the dignity and rights of fellow citizens. The objective of this paper is to showcase the multi-ethnic and multi-religious complexity and diversity of Nigeria in a bid to establish the possible advantages and the needless domination or contradictory co-existence among groups. This paper therefore focuses on the persistent ethno-religious crises that have become a clog in the attempt at nationhood despite democratization, in a view to demystify its causes and proffer solutions. Key words : Ethnic-religious conflicts; Nigeria; Ethno-religious crises Resume L'etude sur l'ethnicite et la religion, une des principaux defis en developpement de democratie, edification d'une nation et integration nationale, est incontournable dans toute comprehension du developpement de l'Etat nigerien. La nature et la composition de cet Etat est tres important et central par rapport a la nature des relations en son sein. Si on le voit comme quelque chose d'instable, dominateur et illegitime, il y a souvent une tendance d'instabilite et de chaos resultant de la rivalite malsaine qui pourra toujours etre developpe la-dedans. D'un autre cote, s'il evolue dans une circonstance de consensus et de fair-play, il aura plus de chance d’obtenir une politique domestique sereine. La situation au Nigeria entrave le bon deroulement de la legitimation primitive. Cela pose des consequences graves pour sa stabilite actuelle. Cette situation est composee de l'emploi abusif de l'autorite de l'Etat pour camoufler ce malaise. En fin de compte, cela impacte de nombreuses parties de la societe en creant, pour les citoyens, le fondement psychologique de l'arbitraire et la tendance a affronter la dignite et les droits. Cet article a pour objectif de mettre en valeur la complexite et la diversite multiethnique et multi-religieuse au Nigeria dans le but d’etablir les avantages possibles et l’inutilite de domination ou la coexistence contradictoire parmi des groupes. Cet article concentre sur les crises ethno-religieuses tenaces qui empechent la creation d'une nation independante malgre la democratisation. Les efforts sont faits pour demystifi er les causes et proposer les solutions. Mots cles : Conflits ethniques et religieux; Nigeria; Crises ethno-religieuses
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".