Comparative anatomical examination of paranasal sinuses of Egyptian mummies and three distinct human population groups via CT imaging
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Although the processes and patterns of skull pneumatization are not fully understood, the presence and extent to which these air‐containing spaces (i.e., paranasal sinuses [PNS]) invade the bony elements of the cranium have generated diverse morphologies. Human migratory patterns and their strong association with climatic variables through time and space may explain this diversity. This study examined four multiregional populations of which two are from Egypt but of widely divergent eras. Three Egyptian mummies [EG‐M] from the middle kingdom were CT scanned providing a unique opportunity to investigate the status of PNS anatomy 3,900 years ago and compare it to a contemporary Egyptian [EG] (n=12) population. Inuit [IT](n=10) and Australian Aborigine [AA] (n=26) provide out‐group comparisons, as they represent isolated geographic environments different from that of Egypt. EG‐M and EG frontal sinus (FS) anatomy were diminutive in size with quantitative results showing no significant difference between them. FS differences were found between EG ‐ IT, EG – AA, and IT – AA. Maxillary and ethmoid sinus size values of EG‐M and EG clustered together while IT and AA differed significantly. The multiregional groups exhibited populational specific morphology for their PNS anatomy with respect to their ecogeographic localities generating anatomical differences among IT and AA, while the element of deep time produced only negligible difference among the Egyptian groups.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".