Effect of Almonds on Insulin Secretion and Insulin Resistance: A Randomized Controlled Cross‐over Trial
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Cohort studies have shown that nut consumption is strongly associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Intervention studies demonstrate that almonds reduce serum LDL‐C. However, their documented reduction in LDL‐C can only explain a proportion of the reduced CHD risk. Methods: Whole almonds, taken as snacks, were compared to low‐saturated fat (<5% energy) whole‐wheat muffins (control) in the therapeutic diets of subjects with hyperlipidemia. Twenty seven hyperlipidemic men and women each consumed three iso‐energetic (mean 423kcal/d) supplements for 1 month. Supplements consisted of full‐dose almonds (73±3g/d), half‐dose almonds plus half‐dose muffins, and full‐dose muffins. In each phase, subjects were assessed at weeks 0, 2 and 4. Results: No baseline or treatment differences were seen in fasting serum glucose, insulin, C‐peptide or calculated insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR). However, creatinine corrected, 24‐hour urinary C‐peptide output, a marker of daily insulin secretion, was significantly reduced on both the half‐ and full‐almond doses compared to the control (P=0.002 and P=0.004, respectively). Conclusion: Almond consumption reduced 24‐hour insulin secretion. This may be a further metabolic advantage of nuts that in the long‐term may help to explain the strong association between nuts and CHD risk reduction. Funding support: Almond Board of California
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".