Refinery Corrosion, Organic Acid Structure, and Athabasca Bitumen
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Since 1920, certain crude oils have been found to be corrosive in refineries. At temperatures between 428 and 752°F (220 and 400°C), sulfur-containing and organic acid species in crude oils are known to promote corrosion. Elemental sulfur, mercaptan, sulfide and polysulfide species convert to hydrogen sulfide which attacks carbon and low-alloy steels. Organic acids, such as naphthenic acids consisting of cycloalkane ring(s) with an attached aliphatic chain having a terminal carboxylic acid group, have been implicated. However, neither total sulfur content measured by elemental analyses, nor total acid content, measured by total acid number (TAN), have been found to correlate well with corrosivity of engineering alloys. A fundamental study of the relationships between the molecular structure of organic acid compounds to elevated temperature corrosion of refinery alloys has been performed. In particular, the corrosion rates of steel exposed to a series of homologous organic acids with respect to temperature has been assessed in a test unit that simulates corrosion found in refinery vacuum distillation towers. As well, organic acids from Athabasca bitumen have been isolated and characterized. The corrosivity of the model compounds and how they compare to the corrosivity of Athabasca bitumen will be discussed in terms of the molecular structure of the different organic acids. This work is partially supported by the Alberta Energy Research Institute and the Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".