The Influence of Electron Beam Oscillation on the Crystallization and Structure of Dissimilar Steel-Bronze Welds
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The paper contains the findings of the metallographic study of dissimilar metal welds (steel 12Х21Н5Т and bronze BrХ-06) made by electron-beam welding (EBW) with beam modulation (transversal and X-shaped oscillation with triple beam splitting). The research shows that beam oscillation causes the metals to stir in the weld pool. As a result, welds have a very heterogeneous structure by width. X-shaped oscillation causes more intensive stirring than transversal oscillation. This leads to more homogenous stirring of crystallizing phases in the centre of the weld. The heterogeneous structure caused by beam oscillation gives the weld a very heterogeneous solidity both by width and depth. Triple beam splitting heated from bronze promotes the homogenous weld structure which is a fine-dispersed mechanical mixture of two systems: a eutectic based on copper and a mixture of solid solutions based on [alpha]-Fe and [gamma]-Fe. Such a structure makes the weld equalizes the solidity of the weld both by width and depth.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".