Ethene trimerization at Cr<sup>I</sup>/Cr<sup>III</sup> — A density functional theory (DFT) study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Catalytic ethene trimerization at a chromium(I) indolate-AlR2Cl centre has been studied by density functional theory (DFT) methods. The reaction is found to follow the standard metallacycle mechanism. At most stages of the reaction, coordination of Cr to the pyrrole ring of the indolate is preferred. In all 13-e intermediates, coordination of the Al-bound chloride to Cr provides additional stabilization: the chloride behaves as a hemilabile ligand. Benzene is found to compete with ethene for coordination to CrI. The final hexene-forming step involves direct Cβ → Cα′ hydrogen transfer; reductive elimination from a possible (hydride)(hexenyl) intermediate is more difficult. The kinetic isotope effect calculated for the direct hydrogen transfer (4.1) agrees well with the experimental value for a bis(phosphino)amide chromium catalyst. Side products obtained in such systems (methylenecyclopentane, methylcyclopentane) can plausibly be explained through routes not involving any (hydride)(alkyl) reductive elimination. Our results indicate that a CrI/CrIII trimerization cycle is possible for some chromium trimerization catalysts, and also suggest that direct hydrogen transfer is most likely a general feature of trimerization at Cr centres.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".