Evidence of long and discontinuous juvenile periods in <i>Trillium catesbaei</i> under contrasting levels of herbivory
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We investigated the influence of chronic herbivory by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann, 1780)) on the age structure and morphology of Trillium catesbaei Elliott. At sites with contrasting histories of deer abundance (Cades Cove, high; Whiteoak Sink, low), we measured morphological characteristics and determined minimum plant age for 60 plants (30 per site) in the single-leaf life-history stage. We chose this stage because its presence is considered an indication of successful reproduction by the previous generation, but its value could be inflated if plants regress or remain in this stage for extended periods. Our results suggest that T. catesbaei may spend upwards of a decade in this stage. Cades Cove single leaves were significantly older (p = 0.011) than those at Whiteoak Sink. Rhizome recession (decay of the oldest portion) was more common at Cades Cove, suggesting greater regression to this stage from three-leaf stages. Although minimum plant age was significantly associated with vegetative attributes (p < 0.002) at Whiteoak Sink, these attributes were decoupled at Cades Cove (p ≥ 0.642). Collectively, our results suggest that chronic herbivory may lead to a long and regressive residency period in the single-leaf stage. Consequently, in Trillium populations heavily impacted by deer, the number of single-leaf plants may be a poor indicator of reproductive success and population viability.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".