Distribution of intermediates during removal of benzene from aqueous solutions by low energy electron beam
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents results from an experiment that utilizes a low energy electron beam apparatus for the removal of benzene from an aqueous solution. The configuration of the irradiator is briefly described, a significant detail of which is the use of boron nitride windows. Concentrations of benzene and its oxidation by-products including phenols, aldehydes and carboxylic acids were monitored throughout the experiment. No analysis was undertaken for by-products formed from reductive pathways. Phenolic intermediates were formed first followed by the development of organic acid intermediates. Aldehydes were only formed to a minor extent. All of these oxidation by-products together account for nearly 30% of the total organic carbon of the parent compound. However, at the time when benzene was degraded to non detect levels, intermediates were still present in significant amounts. These intermediates were detected in the following relative distribution: 90% were carboxylic acid intermediates, followed by phenols with 9% and aldehydes with 1%.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".