Hemagglutinin Compatibility between Avian and Human Influenza A viruses using Human Matrix Protein: Based on Scholtissek et al.’s (2002) Article
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Through the review of Scholtissek et al.(1), evolution between different strains of influenza A viruses were examined to enable better preparation for future pandemics. Pandemics are the result of antigenic shifts, cumulative reassortants between circulating viruses that form novel gene sequences. The process may produce a virus which a large segment of the population has no immunological memory of, and consequently, are susceptible to the strain.The pandemics in 1918, 1967, 1968 and 2009 were caused by influenza A viruses with hemagglutinin (HA) proteins of 1, 2, or 3 - three out of sixteen known HA subtypes. This raises the question whether pandemics can contain other HA subtypes. Since influenza viruses have segmented genomes, it may require at least two different strains to swap their gene segments in order to co-infect a cell; the better viral compatibility between the parent viruses, the more virulent the reassortant is. A collection of HA subtypes in avian strains and Matrix (M) protein in human strains were used in the experimental model by Scholtissek et al. to examine the recombinants’ survivability and virulence. Although the results conclude that it is not possible for future pandemics to contain other HA subtypes, the work of Scholtissek et al. leads to further research on influenza A reservoirs. Ce document est un résumé au sujet de l'article de Christoph Scholtissek (1) publié en 2002. J’examinerai son modèle expérimental, en mettant en évidence les résultats et donnant un aperçu des recherches plus élaborées. En étudiant des modèles de la coopération entre les virus, ceci permet d’aider à se préparer face aux futures pandémies et épidémies. De tels évènements sont causés par des changements antigéniques produits par l’accumulation de réassortiments entre les virus en circulation et divers éléments. Les virus grippaux A sont en constante évolution, et nécessitent une surveillance constante en anticipation à une pandémie. Les pandémies antérieures, soient celles en 1918, 1957, 1968 et 2009, ont démontré à avoir les hémagglutinines (HA) 1, 2 et 3 – trois des seize sous-types HA possibles. Ceci remet en question la possibilité que les pandémies puissent contenir d’autres sous-types HA. Afin que les virus puissent former des virus réassortis potentiellement nouveaux ils doivent bien coopérer, ce qui est précisément ce que Scholtissek tente d'enquêter. Son modèle expérimental implique des réassortiments entre les différents sous-types d’HA dans des souches aviaires et des souches humaines détenant des M-protéines, afin de déterminer la compatibilité virale. Bien que les résultats concluent qu'il est très peu probable que de futures pandémies détiennent d'autres sous-types HA, ils fournissent des indices du potentiel pandémique. En outre, son article incite la recherche plus à fond sur d’autres réservoirs de la grippe A, les méthodes pour surmonter les barrières entre espèces et le réassortiment efficaces.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".