One‐ and five‐year risk of death and cardiovascular complications for hospitalized patients with hyperglycemia without diagnosed diabetes: An observational study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Hyperglycemia is recognized as an important threat to the health of patients, independent of diabetes status. However, no long-term follow-up study of patients with in-hospital elevated glucose without diabetes has been conducted. OBJECTIVE: To compare 1- and 5-year risk of death and cardiovascular (CV) complications in patients with a diagnosis of diabetes versus those without a diabetes diagnosis DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. METHODS: Risk of all-cause death and CV complications (acute myocardial infarction [AMI], congestive heart failure [CHF], cardiovascular disease [CVD], peripheral vascular disease [PVD], and end-stage renal disease [ESRD]) in those diagnosed with diabetes versus those with different glycemia categories was determined using competing risk models. SETTING/PATIENTS: All adult patients from a tertiary hospital discharged alive between 1996 and 2008 from any service except psychiatry or obstetrics. RESULTS: Compared to patients with diagnosed diabetes, patients with peak serum glucose level >200 mg/dL had significantly higher 1-year risk (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.31, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.20-1.43) and 5-year risk (HR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.06-1.22) of death but a decreased 1-year risk of hospitalization for CHF (HR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.62-0.81), PVD (HR: 0.20, 95% CI: 0.18-0.24), or ESRD (HR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.6-0.89). There was no risk difference for AMI (HR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.78-1.18) or CVD (HR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.61-1.0). CONCLUSIONS: Although it is unclear whether hospitalized patients with elevated peak serum glucose have early diabetes or their hyperglycemia reflects hospital stress or another comorbidity, in-hospital hyperglycemia is an important clinical indicator, carrying a higher 1- and 5-year mortality risk than those with diagnosed diabetes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".