Editorial: Application of ultraviolet light to air, water, and wastewater treatment / Éditorial : Utilisation de la lumière ultraviolette dans le traitement de l'air, de l'eau et des eaux usées
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Application of ultraviolet light to air, water, and wastewater treatmentThis is a Special Issue of the Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science dedicated to applications of ultra- violet (UV) technologies.Since the first UV supplement was published in 2005, there have been a number of developments related to the application of UV in water and wastewater and the engineering science has developed rapidly.The articles in this issue capture a portion of that activity.The practical application of ultraviolet (UV) light for the solution of environmental engineering problems has a long history.In fact, the use of UV for disinfecting drinking water pre-dates that of chlorine.The triple combination of modern regulatory pressures, new scientific discoveries, and improvements in UV technology has resulted in renewed interest in UV for both water and wastewater treatment applications.The last 2 years have been significant for UV technology.In Canada, newly proposed federal guidelines will force wastewater treatment system operators to consider alternatives to chlorine, such as UV, for disinfecting wastewaters discharged to surface waters.Many wastewater systems in Canada already employ UV and the number continues to grow.The relatively recent discovery (still within the last decade) that UV can inactivate the waterborne protozoan parasites Giardia spp.and Cryptosporidium spp.has initiated a resurgence in interest in UV for disinfecting drinking water where it competes with technology such as ozone and chlorine dioxide.In the US, the USEPA promulgated the Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule in January 2006.This rule requires drinking water utilities that use surface water sources to provide minimum levels of protection against Cryptosporidium spp..The rule also identifies UV as an acceptable technology for achieving those goals and further identifies specific UV dose requirements for achieving Cryptosporidium spp.log inactivation credit.In support of the LT2 Rule, the USEPA released the UV Disinfection Guidance Manual in November 2006.This manual provides a wealth of information regarding the practical applications of UV in drinking water facilities.There are a number of very large UV installation projects under construction or in the design phase in North America, the largest of which is the New York City facility.As a result, research in drinking water UV has moved from bench-top studies of fundamentals to the study of practical applications, such as refining the measurement of fluence rates, the use of computational fluid dynamics for performance prediction, development of novel techniques for on-line verification of UV dose calculation methodologies, on-line monitoring, and sensor validation.The presence of trace chemical contaminants, such as agricultural chemical residues, and pharmaceutical active and endocrine disrupting compounds in water and wastewater has provided an opportunity for exploration of UVbased advanced oxidation processes as a means of treatment.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".