Bibliographic record
Abstract
Re: Cognition in SchizophreniaDear Editor:The wheel has come full circle!In 1893, Kraepelin identified cognitive dysfunction as a key feature of what we now call schizophrenia and coined the term dementia praecox to describe this condition, that is, dementia that develops in young people. In his textbook, he categorized dementia praecox with other degenerative psychiatric disorders.Based on papers published1,2 in the January edition of The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, we now have irrefutable evidence that cognitive impairment is a core feature of the disorder, and that this impairment has a serious impact on function and prognosis. In the interim, dementia praecox was renamed schizophrenia by Eugen Bleuler in 1908 because he mistakenly considered that the key characteristic was not cognitive deterioration but splitting of the personality into its component parts, schizo- being Greek for split, cleft, or fission.In view of the near-universal presence of cognitive changes in people with schizophrenia, should we go back to dementia praecox to describe the condition? Schizophrenia is not an attractive word, nor is it an accurate description of disorder. Moreover, schizophrenia has been appropriated into lay language, even to the extent of being pejorative when the adjective schizophrenic is used as a noun.However, dementia praecox is also an unattractive and misleading word. The cognitive changes found in schizophrenia are very different from those of classical dementia and the condition does not always start in young people.Has the time come to invoke a new diagnostic word to describe the condition, a word that considers new research into the key role of cognitive dysfunction in the pathogenesis of the condition, and also considers the disturbance of perception and personality that are part of the condition?I would like to recommend that the term cognophrenia replace schizophrenia as the most apt diagnostic word to describe this condition. The prefix cogno- will draw attention to the importance of cognitive changes in the development and manifestations of the condition, while the suffix -phrenia (derived from the Greek word for mind) will emphasize that it remains a generalized mental disorder.References1. Lepage M, Bodnar M, Bowie CR. Neurocognition: clinical and functional outcomes in schizophrenia. Can J Psychiatry. 2014;59(1):5-12.2. Rajji TK, Miranda D, Mulsant BH. Cognition, function, and disabillity in patients with schizophrenia: a review of longitudinal studies. Can J Psychiatry. 2014;59(1):13-17.Francois Mai, MD, FRCPC, FRCP(Ed)Ottawa, OntarioREPLYDear Editor:I thank Professor Francois Mai for his scholarly interpretation of the present state of knowledge regarding cognition and symptoms of schizophrenia, as well as his historical perspective on the term schizophrenia. …
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.013 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.014 | 0.018 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.037 | 0.029 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".