Functional morphology of neck musculature in the Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda) as determined via a hierarchical inferential approach
Bibliographic record
Abstract
With multiple well-preserved specimens, tyrannosaurid dinosaurs are ideal subjects for exploring the role of the neck for feeding in an extinct amniote clade. Detailed exploration of the morphology of avian and crocodilian neck muscles grounds phylogenetic inference of musculature of tyrannosaurids. Introduced methods of kinematic and physiological inference explicate action and function of tyrannosaurid neck muscles, and the explicit method of extant behavioural interpolation (EBI) allows inference of generalized behaviours. Anteriorly originating craniocervical muscles of tyrannosaurids, and insertions of the neck dorsiflexor m. transversospinalis cervicis, were similar to those of birds, while the major respective head dorsiflexor and lateroflexor, m. transversospinalis capitis and m. longissimus capitis superficialis, resembled their homologues in crocodilians. Because the proposed inferential methods are cumulative and emphasize mutual falsification, behavioural effects of muscle function become immediately testable rather than assumed. Kinematic inference of muscle moment topology, and bracketed and unipolar inference of muscle activity, facilitate EBI of rapid gaze shifts, lateral and sagittal strikes, inertial feeding, and tearing of flesh by specific permutational actions of tyrannosaurid neck muscles. Several examples of EBI are tested further through biomechanical considerations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".