Effect of habitat use and diet on the gastrointestinal parasite community of an avian omnivore from an urbanized environment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
With urbanization, anthropogenic foods have grown in importance for several species. A shift away from natural foods is likely to affect trophically transmitted parasites, although this has received limited attention in urban-adapted avian omnivores. We examined the effect of habitat use and diet on gastrointestinal parasite assemblages of Ring-billed Gulls (Larus delawarensis Ord, 1815) breeding in an urbanized region (Montréal, Quebec, Canada) using three approaches depicting different temporal scales. Birds were fitted with global positioning system data loggers to determine habitat-use patterns during a 2–3 day period. Stomach contents were examined, providing dietary information during the preceding hours. Liver carbon (δ 13 C) and nitrogen (δ 15 N) stable isotope signatures served as proxy of nutrient assimilation during the preceding 10 days. Endoparasite community variations were best explained by δ 13 C and δ 15 N ratios. Individuals with lower δ 15 N had lower parasite abundance, while δ 13 C was enriched in birds with less diverse parasites (fewer helminth genera). Tissue depletion in 15 N in Ring-billed Gulls from this colony has previously been associated with predominant consumption of human-related foods. The present study supports the hypothesis that Ring-billed Gulls exhibiting preference for anthropogenic food sources encounter fewer trophically transmitted parasites, which may have contributed, in part, to their population expansion during the last century.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".