Reduced herbivory on exotic buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) compared to native tree species in an Illinois woodland
Bibliographic record
Abstract
European buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica), an ornamental and fencerow shrub native to Eurasia, is a prolific invader throughout woodlands of the northeastern and midwestern United States and southern Canada. The spread of R. cathartica may result in the replacement of native species and the alteration of ecosystem processes. We present evidence of a potential mechanism underlying the success of R. cathartica release from herbivore pressures. We compared levels of foliar herbivory between R. cathartica and eight co-occurring native tree species in northeastern Illinois: sugar maple (Acer \nsaccharum), shagbark hickory (Carya ovata), ironwood (Ostrya virginiana), black cherry (Prunus serotina), bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa), red oak (Quercus rubrum), basswood (Tilia americana) and witchhazel (Hamamelis virginiana). Herbivory on native species (ranging from 4.0% to 6.8% of leaf area consumed) was five to nine times higher than on Rhamnus cathartica (0.8%). These results, combined with studies documenting the evident herbivory in the native range of R. cathartica, suggest that exotic North American populations have experienced a release from herbivore pressure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".