Bibliographic record
Abstract
At the time of colonial settlement, the United States had an estimated 87 million ha of wetlands. Only half of that amount remains today. Between the mid-1950s and mid-1970s, an annual average of 185,490 ha of wetlands was lost mainly to drainage for agriculture and some for urban development (1). At that time, wetlands were perceived as being of little practical use (2). Over 80% of riparian corridors in North America and Europe have disappeared during the last two centuries (3). Only 15% of the bottomland hardwoods in eastern Oklahoma that existed before European settlement remain today (4). In western Oklahoma only 3% of the historic riparian We evaluated the presettlement landscape structure and composition along the North Canadian River riparian corridor in central Oklahoma and measured landscape change over the past century. The presettlement (1872) landscape of the riparian corridor was composed of a low density Populus deltoides dominated forest community with Quercus stellata and Q. marilandica the dominant tree species in the uplands. The surrounding matrix was rolling prairie. Major changes through time have been the result of human development, agriculture, urbanization, and river impoundments. The North Canadian River has been reduced in breadth by 75% and is much straighter. Approximately 98% of the 1872 rangeland was replaced by other land uses, mostly agriculture. Forested land decreased 71% by 1941 and another 27% from 1941 to 1991. Urban land use had increased more than 20-fold by 1941. Mean patch size for the entire study area decreased approximately 94% by 1941. Landscape diversity and evenness steadily increased through time as a result of landscape fragmentation. Although the riparian corridor has been greatly altered, reconstruction of the riparian corridor would serve to restore an ecologically valuable community having benefits for both wildlife and humans, such as habitat, water purification, aesthetics, and recreation. © 2002 Oklahoma Academy of Science Riparian Landscape Change in Central Oklahoma 1872-1991
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".