Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the United States, unnecessarily high rates of cesarean sections, artificial labor inductions performed without medical indication, and other medical interventions that can cause preventable injury during childbirth are just some of the indicators of a system that is failing to protect the rights of pregnant women.Other deficiencies in maternal care in the United States include healthcare providers' failure to obtain informed consent reflecting the risks and benefits of medical interventions, enactment of fetal rights laws that infringe on the rights of pregnant women, the lack of a comprehensive reporting system for maternal mortality, and racial and socioeconomic disparities in maternal mortality and morbidity (serious injury).International human rights-including the rights of autonomy, freedom from discrimination, and the highest attainable standard of health-should inform the United States' approach to solving this maternal care crisis.These rights, which are extensively defined and described in international human rights instruments, create normative and legal standards entitling women to maternal care that is selfdeterminative, nondiscriminatory, and evidence-based.The principle that pregnant women have definable, innate human rights and that states have obligations under international law to respect, protect, and fulfill those rights is a compelling starting point for achieving substantive equality for women in the context of childbirth.OREGON LAW REVIEW [Vol.93, 403 medical interventions used for labor management and delivery in hospitals, where ninety-nine percent of U.S. women give birth.5 Some doctors would see Ms. C's childbirth, in which several of these interventions were used, as having a good outcome: a mother and her baby left the hospital relatively healthy.But such interventions are not without risks.The World Health Organization (WHO) does not recommend labor induction for low-risk women before forty-one weeks gestation.6 However, in the United States, at least twenty-three percent of births include the administration of drugs to start or stimulate labor.7 Inducing labor with Pitocin 8 creates a risk of overly rapid uterine contractions and uterine rupture, which can be fatal for both mother and child.Nonmedically indicated induction has been shown to increase the likelihood of C-section for first-time mothers 9 and has raised rates of preterm births and related complications.10 Induction who gave birth vaginally in hospitals.EUGENE R. DECLERCQ ET AL.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.013 | 0.017 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.010 | 0.012 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.011 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.009 |
| Research integrity | 0.030 | 0.022 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.026 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".