Electric field within lightning protection volume in presence of a downward leader: Simulation results
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Electric field distributions within lightning protection volume of a single lightning rod are studied for the case of a vertical downward leader. The boundaries of volumes with the electrical strength exceeding its critical value for ionization in air are determined, for the rod itself and for objects within its lightning protection (LP) volume. Distance from the leader channel related to the initial achievement of this critical electric strength is found. Simulations are performed using a software based on a FEM (Finite Element Method) for the leader parameters (charge, dimensions, etc.) related to return stroke peak currents of 5 and 30 kA, a rod height of 18.2 m and its tip radius of 1 cm, distances from the channel to rod of 0.5 and 30 m, an object height of 5.3 m, widths of 2 and 10 cm, and considering different values for the top edge radius (0.1, 1 and 5 cm). Results show a significant extent of possible ionization zones within the LP volume. The proposed approach allows estimating the dimensions of such zones for protected objects of various types, and can also be used for the development of LP norms and for the analysis of conditions related to upward discharge initiation, and of safety aspects.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".