Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Telluric currents produce variations in pipe-to-soil potential (PSP) that take the pipeline outside the voltage range for cathodic protection and interfere with potential surveys. The size of the PSP variation depends on a variety of factors related both to the natural environment and the characteristics of the pipeline itself. This paper presents a methodology for assessing how different pipeline features influence the vulnerability of the pipeline to telluric effects. Derivation of the distributed-source transmission line (DSTL) equations for induction in a pipeline show that the critical parameters are the series impedance of the pipeline steel and the parallel conductance to ground through the pipeline coating. Large PSP variations occur where there is a disruption in the flow of telluric currents along the pipeline, such as happens at the end of the pipeline, at flanges, at bends, and changes in pipeline characteristics. A series of plots are presented showing the dependence of PSP variations on coating conductance, changes in series impedance and bends in the pipeline. Also examined are how the PSP variations are modified when overlapping effects occur. Finally, the paper considers the effect of various mitigation strategies and presents model results of the reduction in PSP variations that can be achieved.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".