Shattered Spaces, Re(Constructed) Identities: The Reimaginations of the Collective Identity of Japanese Immigrants to Canada, 1877-1941
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In contrast to the promise of enlightened which its name implied, the Meiji government (1868–1912) initiated epoch-changing reforms whose cost was disproportionately heavy for the peasantry. Crushed by heavy taxation, and pushed out of their traditional occupations by the forces of industrialization, many Japanese took a leap of faith and looked for work away from their communities–first in frontier areas (such as Hokkaido), and later, abroad. The successive waves of people who left Japan and immigrated to Canada before WWII were anything but monolithic. Indeed, at the time Japanese migrants and their descendants were striving to carve spaces for themselves within different national entities, a process of formation and transformations of the Japanese national identity created a complex site of negotiations where multi-faceted identities (national, ethnic, racial, etc.) could, had to be reassessed and reconfigured. Caught between the competing demands of two nation-states and the exigencies of (re)building lives in hostile environments, Japanese immigrants to Canada navigated between existing categories with the hope to attain the good life. This paper challenges the widely held assumption that all Japanese migrants never meant to stay abroad, and brings complexity to the standard, over-simplified narrative of migration between both countries. To the contrary, it shows how many of the original Japanese migrants actually embraced the possibility of permanent settlement in Canada. Drawing on a wide variety of sources, including Japanese-language ones, this paper thus provides a finer level of nuance to our understanding of the reconfiguration(s) of the Canadian Nikkei's collective identity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.045 | 0.020 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".