Multiwavelength observations of cirrus clouds in the North Celestial Loop: the transition from atomic to molecular gas
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Two potential sites of H2 formation have been discovered in diffuse gas at high Galactic latitude through examining the far-infrared (FIR) H i ratio and looking for an excess over that expected from an atomic medium. We call these the Spider and Ursa Major fields. New 12CO and 13CO Five College Radio Astronomical Observatory observations are presented for both regions (53 936 spectra in the Spider and 23 517 spectra in Ursa Major). Although there is a correlation between FIR excess and CO emission, we find that the FIR excess peaks do not coincide with the 12CO emission peaks, indicating that CO might be a poor tracer of H2 in diffuse regions. This implies (i) that the density is too small to allow CO excitation, (ii) that the CO self-shielding is insufficient or (iii) local variations of the dust properties. The 12CO observations are compared with H i observations from the Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory. We decompose the 10 000 H i profiles of the Spider and the 20 302 H i profiles of Ursa Major into Gaussian components. We always find at most two narrow components and one broad component. CO always seems to appear where two H i velocity components merge or where there is a H i velocity-shear.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".