Etiology of Salmonellosis in Northern Areas of Pakistan
Bibliographic record
Abstract
People of northern Pakistan face health hazards because of poor sanitation practices. Bacterial gastrointestinal infections are very common and sometime outbreaks occur. The present study was aimed at evaluating and analyzing infestation of Salmonella typhi in stools of patients with suspected gastroenteritis and to ascertain the status of antibiotic therapy. Five hundred and eighty five fecal specimens of suspected gastroenteritis, referred by physicians of District Headquarter Hospital Gilgit, were investigated for common enteropathogenic bacteria from July 1997 to September 1999. Twenty one fecal specimens (3.6%) were found to be infected with S. typhi. All the S. typhi strains were sensitive to cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin and enoxacin. Thirty eight per cent strains were resistant to two antibiotics (ampicillin and chloramphenicol), 24% strains were resistant to ampicillin only and 38% were sensitive to all used antibiotics. A single 23 Kb plasmid was observed in all the ampicillin and chloramphenicol resistant strains. Escherichia coli C600 were transformed with the isolated plasmids. All the transformants resisted growth in media containing 10 µg /ml ampicillin and 30 µg /ml chloramphenicol, showing that the antibiotic resistance is mediated on plasmid. It is concluded that in northern Pakistan, the S. typhi have developed resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol and that the antibiotic resistance is plasmid mediated.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".