THE GHADAR MOVEMENT IN SOUTHEAST ASIA, 1914-1918

One of most interesting features in history of Indian nationalist movementduring first two decades of 206 century was prevalence of revolutionaryconspiracies, which aimed to overthrow British Government in India by violentmeans. It is also interesting to note that nationalist movement was one of themost eminent themes in Indian historiography at this time. This can be conceivedfrom massive studies which related to this theme.2 There are two categories ofscholars who dealt with this theme. The first concenffated more on Indian NationalCongress, and personalities such as Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru etc.3 Thesecond concentrated their studies on Indian people and Indian subject.a Bothgroups shared same objective; to free India from British.Besides differences in character, development of Indian nationalistmovement may also be divided into different phase. The first phase was pcriodbetween 1857 to 1905, followed by second phase between 1905 to 1920, and thefinal phase between 1920 to 1947. During these three phases, second was theone when, in 1905, the Indian Revolution began marking a new trend in Indiannationalist movement. This new trend emerged as 'great achievement' in Indianhistory. It revealed that Indians did not rely solely on one method to attainrndependence. The Indian nationalist used a variety of method available. For example,the method as advocated by moderates centered on belief that safest.andthe surest road to achieve goal ofindependence was through confidence andgood wishes of British electorate. On other hand, revolutionaries such as theBengal revolutionaries believed that in order to win their freedom, they needed toput some pressure on British rulers through various means of violence.However, under weight of repressive measures imposed by BritishIndia, Indian revolutionary movement declined inside country. The IndianGovemmentemployed all its availablepressure to therevolutionary movementwithinthe sub-continent. When pressure from Government increased day after day,the Indian revolutionaries fled abroad, and again started their revolutionary workfrom their new bases, especially in North America and Europe. The movernentmade rapid strides in foreign lands, where it received ardent support from Indianss'ho were resident abroad. During period of First World War, Indianrevolutionaries in Canada andUnited States ofAmerica (U.S.A.) became dominantactors in Indian nationalist movement. Under banner of Ghadar Partyand co-operation with Indian Committee in Berlin, revolutionaries absorbedall possibly aggressive and violent methods as a means of liberating India from61 Jati, Bilangan 7, Disember 2002the British. Originally, Ghadar Party was formed in U.S.A in 1913.5 Itsheadquarters were in San Francisco, but branches were established in most countrieswhere Indians lived. Branches were formed atTokyo, Shanghai, Manila, Hong Kcing,Batavia (Jakarta), Sumatra and Malay States. They could be found in variousparts of South East Asia (s.E.A), from chiangrnai in north, to remote islandofMindanao in Philippines.

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