Reduced Ignition Propensity cigarette regulations and decline in fires, fire injuries and fatalities in Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
CCCKGROUND: On October 1, 2005, Canada be -came the first country to implement a nationwidecigarette fire-safety standard for Reduced IgnitionPropensity (RIP) cigarettes. The aim of the paperis to estimate the impact of the RIP cigarette regu -lations on the number of smoking-related fires(SRF), fire injuries (SRFI), and fatalities (SRFF) inCanada.METHODS: As there are no national fire statisticsdata, the data from Canadian provinces were stud -ied. The data with smoking mentioned as thesource of ignition were found for four provincesand grouped into two time periods: pre-implemen -tation (2000–2004) and post-implementation(2005–2009). Average annual indicators for eachperiod were compared.RESULTS: In Alberta, the number of home SRFand SRFF did not change much, while small (14%)reduction was observed in SRFI. In British Colum -bia, the percentage of SRF in all fires decreased by15% and the number of SRFI and SRFF declinedby 41% and 49% respectively. In Ontario, the av -erage number of SRF and SRFI per year slightlydecreased; however, the number of SRFF in -creased. In Saskatchewan, fires caused by smok -ers’ materials decreased almost by half while num -ber of fatalities and injuries decreased even to alarger extent. Most prominent was the reduction offatalities and injuries in fires with cigarettes as thesource of ignition: they decreased more thanthree-fold in Saskatchewan.CC CCONCLUSION: Canadian fire statistics do not allowestimating fire loss reduction as a result of the im -plemented RIP cigarette regulations for the wholecountry. Two CCCanadian provinces (British Columbiaand Saskatchewan) experienced substantial reduc-tion in fires ignited by manufactured cigarettes,and a corresponding reduction in the associatedfire fatalities and injuries. In Alberta, only thenumber of smoking fire injuries has shown somedecrease. No substantial changes were observedin Ontario, probably due to high level of cigarettesmuggling. KEYWORDS: Reduced Ignition Propensity (RIP)cigarettes; Canada; fire injuries; fire-safe ciga -rettes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".