Constitutive modeling of time-dependent stress–strain behaviour of saturated soils exhibiting both creep and swelling
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In general, clayey soils exhibit more or less both creep and swelling. In this paper, “creep” means viscous compression under a constant load condition in an oedometer test, while “swelling” means viscous expansion under a constant load condition in an oedometer test and is a reverse behaviour to creep for all saturated soils. Clayey soils containing the clay mineral montmorillonite show strong creep and swelling characteristics. Both creep and swelling characteristics have a significant influence on the deformation and failure of geotechnical structures. This paper presents main data from tests on a mixture of bentonite–silica sand in one-dimensional (1D) straining. Tests include (i) multistaged loading tests with unloading–reloading and enough time for creep and swelling in 1D straining and (ii) step-changed constant rate of strain (CRSN) compression tests with unloading–reloading in 1D straining as well. From the test data, the creep, swelling, and strain rate effects are observed and discussed. Based on the test data and a 1D elastic viscoplastic (1D EVP) model developed by Yin and Graham (1989, 1994 ), the authors propose a new 1D elastic viscoplastic model considering both creep and swelling (called 1D EVPS). The data from the multistage oedometer tests are used to calibrate the new model. After this, the new model is used to simulate the step-changed CRSN compression tests and make a comparison. In this way, the new model is verified. The new 1D EVPS is then used to simulate CRSN tests with a single strain rate, relaxation in the creep or swelling region, and constant rate of stressing tests. It is found that the new model can simulate well the strain (or stress) rate effects, loops in unloading–reloading, and stress relaxation in the creep region or stress increase in the swelling region, which are all caused by both creep and swelling of the soil.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".