Ecological relationships of wild rice, <i>Zizania</i> spp. 11. Electron microscopy study of iron plaques on the roots of northern wild rice (<i>Zizania palustris</i>)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The deposition, composition, and structure of iron plaques formed on the roots of northern wild rice (Zizania palustris L.) from five wetlands across Ontario, Canada, were examined through a scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive X-ray analyzer. Iron was oxidized within the rhizosphere resulting in the precipitation of ferric hydroxide onto root surfaces, visible as an orange-brown plaque. The northern wild rice samples analyzed were found to form substantial iron root plaques in a variety of surface water and sediment chemistries. Iron plaques ranged structurally from thin to crust plaques (<1 μm to 14 μm thick) and were composed mainly of Fe, O, Al, and K. Iron plaque was found within and on root epidermal cells, occasionally filling epidermal cells and penetrating into the root cortex. Rounded grooves were observed in the plaque surface of two samples and were reasoned to have been caused by iron-reducing bacteria. Observations on the anatomy of northern wild rice roots are presented along with a model of iron plaque development.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".