Impact of the Great East Japan Earthquake tsunami on growth and survival of Pacific cod (<i>Gadus macrocephalus</i>)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A massive tsunami hit the north Pacific coast of Japan on 11 March 2011. We evaluated the effects of the tsunami on the distribution, growth, and survival of young Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) using data from benthic trawl surveys and otolith microstructure analysis. The distribution of Pacific cod juveniles differed between 2011 and 2008–2010. The 2011 year class was smaller in body size than those in 2008–2010. The majority of 2011 year-class juveniles was captured in deeper areas at a smaller body size, whereas those of previous year classes were primarily distributed in shallower water. The peak hatch of the 2011 year-class juveniles was from early to late February, which was several days later than those of the 2008 and 2010 year classes. The 2011 year class grew at the same rate as those from 2008 and 2010 until the day of the tsunami, but had a lower growth rate during the 30 days after the tsunami, resulting in a decrease in fish size at settlement. Growth of the 2011 year class was also inferior soon after the day of the tsunami in almost all groups divided by the hatching period. Growth of juveniles captured in shallower water following the tsunami in 2011 tended to be slower than that of juveniles captured in deeper water. Our results suggest that the tsunami caused a decrease in growth rates for approximately 30 days and a change in the distribution of juvenile fish relative to prior years. The change in distribution was primarily the result of mortality in shallow water caused by physical damage and (or) subsequent decreased growth. Considering these results and the finding that the recruitment level and the recruits per spawning in the 2011 year class were low, the tsunami may have affected the determination of the recruitment level.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".