HIV/hepatitis C virus and HIV/hepatitis B virus coinfections protect against antiretroviral-related hyperlipidaemia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Hyperlipidaemia is a recognized complication of HIV antiretroviral therapy. The interactions among HIV, viral hepatitis, antiretroviral therapies and lipids are poorly understood. METHODS: Ontario HIV Treatment Network Cohort Study participants with at least one lipid level after highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) initiation were assessed. Hepatitis B virus (HBV)- and hepatitis C virus (HCV)-coinfected patients were identified by serology or chart review. HCV antiviral recipients, diabetics and those on lipid-lowering drugs at baseline were excluded from the study. Factors associated with a decreased risk of grade 3 or 4 hyperlipidaemia or lipid-lowering drug use were assessed by multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 1587 HIV-monoinfected, 190 HIV/HBV-coinfected and 255 HIV/HCV-coinfected patients were evaluated. Most were male (85-92% for the 3 groups evaluated: HIV, HIV/HBV, HIV/HCV). The median [interquartile range (IQR)] age at HAART initiation was 48 (44-56) years and was similar between groups. The median (IQR) CD4 count at HAART initiation was 245 (120-370) cells/μL in HIV-monoinfected participants, 195 (110-330) cells/μL in HIV/HBV-coinfected participants and 268 (140-409) cells/μL in HIV/HCV-coinfected participants. Factors associated with a decreased risk of grade 3 or 4 hyperlipidaemia or lipid-lowering drug use included HIV/HCV coinfection [odds ratio (OR) 0.46; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.34, 0.61; P<0.0001], HIV/HBV coinfection (OR 0.74; 95% CI 0.55, 0.99; P=0.04), year of starting HAART after 2004 vs. 1997 or earlier (OR 0.37; 95% CI 0.29, 0.48; P<0.0001) and year of starting HAART between 1998 and 2003 vs. 1997 or earlier (OR 0.75; 95% CI 0.61, 0.92; P<0.01). Factors associated with increased risk included age (OR 1.55; 95% CI 1.39, 1.72; per 10 years, P<0.0001) and male gender (OR 1.84; 95% CI 1.36, 2.48; P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: HIV/HCV and to a lesser extent HIV/HBV coinfections are protective against HAART-related hyperlipidaemia.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".