Titanium Implants after Alkali Heating Treatment with a [Zn(OH)<sub>4</sub>]<sup>2−</sup> Complex: Analysis of Interfacial Bond Strength Using Push‐Out Tests
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Clinical demands for stronger and faster bone bonding to implants have motivated the development of chemically and topographically modified surfaces capable of chemical bonding. This study presents a new one-step alkali heat treatment performed with a solution containing [Zn(OH)(4)](2-) complex as an alternative to the conventional NaOH solution. PURPOSE: The objective of this work is to assess the effect of a Zn-modified surface chemistry on bone-implant shear strength using a rabbit model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted on mechanical-grinded and smooth surfaces of Ti cylindrical implants. The topographical structure, chemical surface composition, and structural properties of the chemically modified titanium surface were studied by scanning electron microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and x-ray diffractometry. Implant-bone shear strength was evaluated by push-out tests undertaken at 4, 12, and 24 weeks after insertion in rabbit femora. RESULTS: Implants with smooth and rough surfaces chemically-modified with a solution containing [Zn(OH)(4)](2-) complex demonstrated significantly stronger bone fixation than nonmodified implants at all healing times (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The obtained results suggest that biochemical bonding at the bone-implant interface, stimulated by the Zn(2+) ion release in combination with mechanical interlocking definitively improved the implant fixation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".