Magnetic properties of rocks of the Kapuskasing uplift (Ontario, Canada) and origin of long-wavelength magnetic anomalies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The sources of long wavelength magnetic anomalies (LWA) in the crust are poorly understood. We have measured remanent and induced magnetizations of 210 samples of anorthosite, tonalite and mafic gneiss from the Kapuskasing uplift, an exposed partial crustal cross-section in northwestern Ontario, Canada. Anorthosites have generally high Q ratios of remanent/induced magnetization, in the range 0.3–60, and their natural remanent magnetization (NRM) is resistant to both thermal and alternating-field (AF) demagnetization. However, anorthosite NRMs (0.001–0.3 A m−1) are too weak to explain LWA amplitudes. Mafic gneisses also have relatively high Q ratios, peaking in the range 1–10, and the NRM is resistant to thermal and AF demagnetization. NRM and induced magnetization (IM) intensities are in the ranges 0.01–2 and 0.01–0.6 A m−1, respectively. Tonalites have a bimodal distribution of magnetization. The more strongly magnetic group has both NRM and IM intensities in the range 0.1–5 A m−1 and wide-ranging Q values, from 0.1 to 10 approximately. Some tonalites could be an LWA source, although the long-term stability of their NRMs at high temperature in the crust is questionable because unblocking temperatures are broadly distributed from 100 to 600 °C. In general, Q values measured at surface temperatures overestimate remanence at depth. In the deep crust, IM remains more or less constant but remanence decreases both reversibly and irreversibly, leading to Q ratios of <0.2–0.3 for multidomain grains and ≈1–3 for single-domain grains near their blocking temperatures. Thermoviscous magnetization over the Brunhes chron could add substantially to the effective induced magnetization. Typically induced + thermoviscous magnetization in the direction of the present Earth's field will outweigh remanence in the direction of an ancient field as a source of LWA originating in the deepest crust. Remanence may play a larger role for mid-crustal sources where single-domain grains are well below their blocking temperatures.
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Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
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Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
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