Bibliographic record
Abstract
Postgraduates programs in bioethics are available globally in Canada, USA, Australia, UK, Europe and now with the efforts of UNESCO across much of Asia including India, China and Japan (1). In Islamic Republic of Pakistan, the first formal move in introducing bioethics teachings in the medical students’ curriculum was made at Aga Khan University, Karachi in 1984. It was in 1997 that workshops and courses focused on local ethical dilemmas were made mandatory for the postgraduate clinical training of the residents at AKU (2). Pakistan Medical and Dental Council (PMDC) in 2001 stipulated that bioethics must be included in the medical curriculum (3). The Centre for Biomedical Ethics and Culture was established at the Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation in 2004 and began the Postgraduate Diploma Course in Bioethics in 2006 (4). Informal postgraduate teaching of bioethics is conducted in different institutions at Karachi and also by Karachi Bioethics Group (formed in 2004). This platform allows postgraduates, residents and faculty to educate themselves about emerging bioethical issues through discussions (5). A bioethics curriculum for postgraduates has been implemented at Sobhraj Maternity Hospital (SMH) from January 2007. SMH is a public sector hospital, located centrally in Karachi, Pakistan. On average, approximately 200 patients are seen daily in the outpatient department. The various problems faced by the doctors are busy outpatient department leading to overcrowding, shortage of staff with one doctor dealing with forty patients and lack of general resources. Due to this scenario, various ethical concerns that arise include issues of patient-physician relationship, truth telling, privacy, confidentiality, disclosure and informed consent. Hence there is a great need for training of the postgraduates in biomedical ethics so that they can carry out their clinical practice in an ethical manner. This paper highlights the experience of teaching biomedical ethics to postgraduate trainees for Membership of College of Physicians and Surgeons (MCPS), Pakistan examinations, who come for two years training and doctors who come for their six month internship in Obstetrics & Gynecology specialty to SMH.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.019 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.008 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.055 | 0.021 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".