Differing Wariness for Approaching Humans among Cormorant Migrants Advancing into Rural or Urban Habitats
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo hanedae) is one of the largest piscivorous water birds in Japan. It is in the phase of recovery from a long-term decline in the numbers, with its population drastically increasing throughout Japan. This potentially impacts cormorant’s predation conflicts with inland fisheries. Recent cormorant migrants often appear to inhabit more urbanized areas although the species once preferred habitats remote from human activities. This novel dwelling preference remains unexplained. The present study aimed to understand the processes promoting their expansion, especially focusing on those that help acquire foraging success in urban habitats. Measurements on primary production in aquatic ecosystem did not detect superiority of urban habitats over rural ones. This indicates that exploitation of a habitat by cormorants is less explicable by the potential food richness. Our field survey revealed that more urbanized habitats provided more frequent contacts with pedestrians who were indifferent to wildlife, potentially allowing cormorants’ habituation to humans. The degree of tolerance to human-associated disturbances in cormorants was measured using flight-initiation distance (FID) defined as a distance at which an individual animal moves away from an approaching human. Urban cormorants showed shorter FID than those in the rural habitats suggesting that reduced threshold of risk-avoidance against approaching humans could be implicated in the increase in foraging opportunities. Our results suggest that recent urban environments are selectively advantageous for cormorants as new habitats.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".