A simple index for Pi2 pulsations to nowcast substorms by Regional Warning Centre Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Substorm onsets and intensifications are accompanied by Pi2 magnetic pulsation bursts. Thus Pi2 would seem to be ideal for inferring the occurrence of substorm. However, the full potential of Pi2 pulsations as a proxy for substorms has not been fully exploited by the space weather community, although they are sometimes used by researchers to identify substorm onsets. To this end, a simple Pi2 index has been devised for stations in the auroral zone and subauroral zone in Canada on the basis of the log of the integrated power of the Pi2 spectrum, in analogy to the quasi‐logarithmic Kp or K indices. The Pi2 power spectrum necessarily contains a contribution by the substorm electrojet, as a power law relationship between Pi2 powers and X‐negative bay extremes found in this study indicates. The index is shown to detect distinct bay signatures of substorm events regionally around local midnight at Canadian latitudes and would thus compensate for the inadequacy of the global geomagnetic indices such as Kp. An automatic production of such a Pi2‐based substorm index, using near‐real‐time data from Canadian observatories, enables the Regional Warning Centre Canada of the International Space Environment Services to nowcast substorms in order to meet the demands of users for real‐time knowledge of nighttime localized extreme geomagnetic variability.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".