Retinoids and retinoid-metabolic gene expression in mouse adipose tissues
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Vitamin A and its analogs (retinoids) regulate adipocyte differentiation. Recent investigations have demonstrated a relationship among retinoids, retinoid-binding-protein 4 (RBP4) synthesized in adipose tissues, and insulin-resistance status. In this study, we measured retinoid levels and analyzed the expression of retinoid homeostatic genes associated with retinol uptake, esterification, oxidation, and catabolism in subcutaneous (Sc) and visceral (Vis) mouse fat tissues. Both Sc and Vis depots were found to contain similar levels of all-trans retinol. A metabolite of retinol with characteristic ultraviolet absorption maxima for 9-cis retinol was observed in these 2 adipose depots, and its level was 2-fold higher in Sc than in Vis tissues. Vis adipose tissue expressed significantly higher levels of RBP4, CRBP1 (intracellular retinol-binding protein 1), RDH10 (retinol dehydrogenase), as well as CYP26A1 and B1 (retinoic acid (RA) hydroxylases). No differences in STRA6 (RBP4 receptor), LRAT (retinol esterification), CRABP1 and 2 (intracellular RA-binding proteins), and RALDH1 (retinal dehydrogenase) mRNA expressions were discerned in both fat depots. RALDH1 was identified as the only RALDH expressed in both Sc and Vis adipose tissues. These results indicate that Vis is more actively involved in retinoid metabolism than Sc adipose tissue.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".