Cholinergic modulation incorporated with a tone presentation induces frequency‐specific threshold decreases in the auditory cortex of the mouse
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Learning-induced or experience-dependent auditory cortical plasticity has often been characterized by frequency-specificity. Studies have revealed the critical role of the cholinergic basal forebrain and acoustic guidance. Cholinergic facilitation of specific thalamocortical inputs potentially determines such frequency-specificity but this issue requires further clarification. To examine the cholinergic effects on thalamocortical circuitry of specific frequency channels, we recorded the responses of cortical neurons while pairing basal forebrain activation or acetylcholine (ACh) microiontophoresis with tone presentations at 10 dB below the neuronal response threshold. We found that both basal forebrain activation and acetylcholine microiontophoresis paired with a tone induced a significant decrease in response threshold of the recorded cortical neurons to the frequency of the paired tone, and that this threshold decrease could be eliminated by atropine microiontophoresis. Our data suggest that cortical acetylcholine specifically facilitates thalamocortical circuitry tuned to the frequency of a presented tone; it is the first, fundamental step towards frequency-specific cortical plasticity evoked by auditory learning and experience.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".