Bibliographic record
Abstract
From 11 January 2009 the common law choice of law rule for unjust enrichment will be replaced in Member States of the European Union by the provisions in the Rome II Regulation. The first part of this article will analyze the new rule in Article 10, setting out its provisions and explaining how they will operate. For civil lawyers, that analysis will be reasonably familiar. But for lawyers in Europe’s common law legal systems — the United Kingdom and Ireland — it will be quite different from what preceded it. Until now, in those countries there was no statutory or codified choice of law rule for unjust enrichment. Rather, the rule was left to the case law, and was what judges in the few cases that had been decided had stated the rule to be. For the United Kingdom and Ireland, the adoption of Rome II means that the choice of law rule for unjust enrichment can be much more easily and confidently stated. A key question, however, for the common law countries is whether the content of the new rule is consistent with, or an improvement on, the earlier common law rule. The second section of this article will explain the common law rule and compare it with the new rule in Article 10. This comparison will not only highlight how the law in the United Kingdom and Ireland has been changed, but will also provide guidance as to how the courts in those countries might apply Article 10.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.008 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.029 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.013 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.007 | 0.010 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".