Examining fly ash as a sorbent for benzene, trichloroethylene, and ethylbenzene in cement-treated soils
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the potential for beneficial reuse of fly ash as a sorbent for benzene, trichloroethylene, and ethylbenzene in soils treated with cement (i.e., cement-based solidification/stabilization (S/S)). Batch testing was performed with soil–cement mixtures containing fly ash and compared with similar samples with humic acid as a source of organic carbon. The experimental batch test results were fit to the Freundlich sorption model assuming both linear and nonlinear behavior. It was found that the level of sorption is low for benzene and trichloroethylene, but relatively higher for ethylbenzene. Cement addition appeared to not only decrease sorption values obtained for fly ash, but also eliminate the nonlinear sorptive behavior, likely due to the blocking–coating of sorption sites. To demonstrate the practical application of the sorption observed, a hypothetical contaminated site is modeled with a one-dimensional contaminant transport program. It iss shown that the addition of fly ash can potentially reduce off-site migration of trichloroethylene (TCE), but is more effective at reducing ethylbenzene migration, for the time frames considered in the modeling.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".