Bibliographic record
Abstract
Treaty interpretation means that a treaty is interpreted in the course of implementation and application after it has entered into force. The rules of treaty interpretation of 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaty (VCLT) were expressly applied to dispute settlement by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in the 1994 case of Territorial Dispute (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. Chad), and then by the Appellate Body of Dispute Settlement of the World Settlement of the World (WTO) in the 1996 case of United States - Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline as “the customary rules of interpretation of public international law”. This article is mainly based on leading cases of the ICJ and the WTO in last decade to offer a systematic analysis of treaty interpretation in the practices of contemporary international laws and to discuss some theoretical issues regarding the rules, methods and approaches of treaty interpretation with some viewpoints of the International Law Commission’s Commentaries on the VCLT and of well-known international lawyers. Key words: treaty interpretation; international law; practice; theory Resume: L'interpretation des traites signifie qu'un traite est interprete dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre et de l'application apres son entree en vigueur. Les regles de l'interpretation de traitede la Convention de Vienne de 1969 sur le droit des traites (CVDT) ont ete expressement prevues pour le reglement des differends par la Cour internationale de Justice (CIJ) dans le cas du differend territorial en 1994(Jamahiriya arabe libyenne c. Tchad), puis par l'Organe d'appel de reglement des differends de l'Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) dans le cas des Etats-Unis en 1996 - les normes concernant l'essence reformulee et conventionnelle comme ''les regles coutumieres de l'interpretation du droit international public''. Cet article est principalement base sur les cas de la CIJ et de l'OMC dans la derniere decennie afin d'offrir une analyse systematique de l'interpretation des traites dans les pratiques contemporaines du droit international et d'examiner certaines questions theoriques concernant les regles, les methodes et mes approches de l'interpretation des traites avec des commentaires de la Commission du droit international sur la Convention de Vienne sur le droit des traites et ceux des certains juristes connus internationaux.Mots-cles: interpretation des traites; droit international; pratique; theorie
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.021 | 0.029 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.010 | 0.039 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.016 | 0.014 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Research integrity | 0.013 | 0.022 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.019 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".