Effects of sulfuric acid and ammonium sulfate coatings on the ice nucleation properties of kaolinite particles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The onset conditions for ice nucleation on H 2 SO 4 coated, (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 coated, and uncoated kaolinite particles at temperatures ranging from 233 to 246 K were studied. We define the onset conditions as the relative humidity and temperature at which the first ice nucleation event was observed. Uncoated particles were excellent ice nuclei; the onset relative humidity with respect to ice (RH i ) was below 110% at all temperatures studied, consistent with previous measurements. H 2 SO 4 coatings, however, drastically altered the ice nucleating ability of kaolinite particles, increasing the RH i required for ice nucleation by approximately 30%, similar to the recent measurements by Möhler et al. [2008b]. (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 coated particles were poor ice nuclei at 245 K, but effective ice nuclei at 236 K. The differences between H 2 SO 4 and (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 coatings may be explained by the deliquescence and efflorescence properties of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 . These results support the idea that emissions of SO 2 and NH 3 may influence the ice nucleating properties of mineral dust particles.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".