Daniela Del Boca and Cecile Wetzels, eds., Social Policies, Labour Markets and Motherhood: A Comparative Analysis of European Countries.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
T he male breadwinner model has significantly declined with the in- crease in women's labour force participation.Even though some claim that increases in women's labour force participation leads to fertility declines, recent studies suggest that the opposite can occur, depending on the policy and institutional context.Social Policies, Labour Markets and Motherhood aims to analyze the recent pattern of fertility and its relationship with women's labour force participation in Europe.Even though the long-term general fertility trend is similar in many countries, there have been significant variations among European countries.While Scandinavian countries have higher fertility and women's participation rates, Southern European countries have lower fertility and women's participation rates.This book uses the welfare state typology to study family, fertility, and labour market variations across countries.The authors start with a general discussion of the welfare state literature, and its relevance to parental leave, childcare provision, and childcare systems.The welfare state regime typology is a useful conceptual tool for analyzing institutional differences among industrialized countries.According to Esping-Andersen, welfare states can be analyzed in three clusters (Social Democratic, Conservative-Corporatist, and Liberal) in relation to the role of state, family, and market in the management of social risks.Meulders and O'Dorchai analyze this typology, as well as alternative classifications and approaches, with a focus on the standpoint of women and mothers.It is concluded that, rather than pure forms, welfare states have hybrid features that foster different aspects of the welfare of children and mothers (p.24).Making use of European Community Household Panel data, the analyses provided here compare the outcomes of social policies in European countries.The first part of the book mainly focuses on childcare systems and parental leave, and their significant impacts on women's labour force participation and fertility rates.In Chapters 2, 3, and 4, De Henau, Meulders, and O'Dorchai rank the relative generosity of family
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.011 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".