Encapsulation and immobilization of a mycophagous nematode by two <i>Sphaerobolus</i> species
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A defence mechanism against nematodes produced by Sphaerobolus stellatus Tode and Sphaerobolus iowensis L.B. Walker is described for the first time. Within 24 h of introduction, some individuals of a mycophagous nematode ( Aphelenchoides sp.) exhibited lethargic behaviour marked by the cessation of feeding and a reduction in movement. The anterior portion of the affected nematodes appeared swollen and was encapsulated with an amorphous material of unknown composition. The nematode stylet could not penetrate this encapsulating matrix, preventing further hyphal grazing and subsequently leading to death of the nematodes, possibly due to starvation. Immobilized nematodes were not consumed by the fungi. It is hypothesized that when the feeding nematodes pierce a specialized structure found in Sphaerobolus cultures, referred to as a gloeocystidium, the contents are released and solidify on the nematode heads. It is proposed that the gloeocystidia function to protect the hyphal system and act as a general antifeedant mechanism against mycophagous nematodes and possibly other fungus-feeding microfauna.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".