Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introns and retroelements are hallmarks of eukaryotic genomes, but they are also found in bacteria. Here the different types of bacterial introns and retroelements are summarized, including group I introns, group II introns, archaeal bulge-helix-bulge (BHB) introns, intervening sequences (IVSs) in rRNAs, retrons, and diversity generating elements (DGRs). Except for the retroelements, these elements are evolutionarily unrelated, but nevertheless share intriguing properties. The elements all appear mobile within and among bacterial genomes, and in general, do not have clear phenotypic consequence to their host cells. It is possible that introns and retroelements spread from bacteria to eukaryotes as selfish DNAs or were present in the common ancestor of bacteria and eukaryotes. INTRODUCTION Introns and retroelements are typically considered components of eukaryotic genomes, because they were discovered in eukaryotes and are particularly abundant in higher eukaryotes. The human genome, for example, contains roughly 200,000 introns and nearly 3 million retroelements (including SINEs), dwarfing the number of functional genes, which are estimated at 30,000 (International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium, 2001). Together, introns and retroelements make up nearly half of the human genome and constitute the major types of “junk DNAs.” In bacteria, the major types of “junk DNAs” are transposons and prophages, which can constitute anywhere from <1% to 7% of a genome (e.g., Glaser et al., 2001). Introns and retroelements are comparatively rare in bacteria, but they have generated substantial interest because of their parallels to eukaryotic introns and retroelements.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".